Intro to Soapmaking – July 23, 2014 – Soap additives

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Intro to Soapmaking – July 23, 2014 – Soap additives

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soap-chemistry

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Intro to Soapmaking

July 23, 2014

April Duangjumpa / DM+D Philly

Welcome!

  • Tell us about yourself
  • Any topics you want covered?
  • Feel free to ask questions!

(hit 's' on your keyboard).

Soaping in a Nutshell

Topics We'll Cover

What is soap and soapmaking?Atoms, elements, and molecules How is soap formed?Chemical reactions, acids and bases What are different properties of soaps?Organic and biochemistry! How to make soapSafety considerations, demonstration, activity

What is soap?

Chemical reaction called saponification between oils and an alkali in water to produce soap.

Soapmaking methods:

Melt and Pour Cold Process Hot Process Rebatching

What is soap?

Key molecules: water, sodium hydroxide (lye), fats and oils

What is lye?

  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): very alkaline and corrosive
  • Uses: drain cleaner, washing and peeling of fruits and veggies, pretzels/baking, bleaching pulp for paper
  • Not present in final soap product, only in reaction
  • Hydrophilic, readily dissolves in water

What are fats and oils?

  • Fats: solid at room temp, more saturated, usually animal
  • Oils: liquid at room temp, unsaturated, usually plant
  • Both are triglycerides, 3 fatty chains attached to glycerol
  • Hydrophobic, does not dissolve in water

How is soap formed?

Acids and Bases

The reaction to create soap is simply an acid/base reaction.

Acids and Bases

How do acids and bases interact?

  • pH scale measures H+ ions
  • Acids donate H+, bases accept H+
  • Examples: NaOH, HCl
  • Neutralizing an acid and a base results in a salt
  • Soap is the salt of NaOH and triglycerides

How does soap clean?

Remember how NaOH is a water-loving molecule and fatty acid chains are water repellent?

What are different properties of soap?

The base oils will determine the qualities of the soap.

ACID SAP Feel Cleansing? Fluffy? Stable? Olive Oil 135.3 Soft Good No No Coconut Oil 191.1 Hard Great Yes No Palm Oil 142 Hard Great No Yes Castor Oil 128.6 Soft Fair Yes Yes Lard 138.7 Hard Good No Yes Tallow 140.5 Hard Good No Yes

(Chart from soap-making-resource.com)

Getting started in soapmaking

Choose your base oils or find a recipe Calculate your lye solution or use an application Additives: scents, colors, essential oils (0.4 - 0.7 oz/lb)

Safety considerations

Wear appropriate clothing, goggles, and gloves. If on skin - flush with water, wash with soap and water. NaOH + H2O = highly exothermic (up to 200F), heat and fumes released. Ventilate and avoid fumes! NaOH reacts violently with aluminum, tin, and zinc. Use appropriate equipment that can withstand the heat. NEVER add water to acid. SLOWLY add acid to water.

Let's get started!

Make your lye solution (lye to water), set aside. Combine oils and melt, maintain between 100-130F. When lye and oils are between 100-130F, pour lye in oils. Stir until trace; add colors/additives if desired. Pour into mold and let sit for 24-48 hours. Cure 4-6 weeks.

Essential oils and fragrances

  • Essential oils: naturally derived, concentrated
    • Tea tree: antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral
    • Eucalyptus: relieving properties
    • Lavender: antibacterial, relieving
  • Fragrance oils: synthetic blends

Soap additives

Soap additives - herbs

Soap additives - seeds

Soap additives - tea

Soap additives - coffee

Soap colors

Soap colors - pigments

Soap colors - clays

Soap colors - spices

Advanced techniques

Advanced techniques - layers

Advanced techniques - swirls

Advanced techniques - milks

Advanced techniques - beer

What's next?

Saponification will take 24-48 hours to complete. Store with air flow, away from light. Curing will occur over 4-6 weeks. Continue to pH test your soaps - normal soap has pH between 8 and 10.5.

Have fun!

Slides available online at http://nduangjumpa.github.io/soap-chemistry