Introduction

What is Vagrant?

Why using Vagrant?

Assumptions

• Vagrant version 1.5.1
• VirtualBox 4.3.10
  • default Host-only network (192.168.56.0/24)

$ vagrant --version
Vagrant 1.5.1
$ VBoxHeadless --version
Oracle VM VirtualBox Headless Interface 4.3.10
(C) 2008-2014 Oracle Corporation
All rights reserved.

4.3.10r93012
$ ifconfig vboxnet0
=> 192.168.56.1

Getting up and running

Minimal default setup:

$ vagrant init hashicorp/precise32
$ vagrant up
$ vagrant ssh

What happens under the hood?

$ vagrant init hashicorp/precise32

A Vagrantfile is created

What happens under the hood?

$ vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Box 'hashicorp/precise32' could not be found. Attempting to find and install...
    default: Box Provider: virtualbox
    default: Box Version: >= 0
==> default: Loading metadata for box 'hashicorp/precise32'
    default: URL: https://vagrantcloud.com/hashicorp/precise32
==> default: Adding box 'hashicorp/precise32' (v1.0.0) for provider: virtualbox
    default: Downloading: https://vagrantcloud.com/hashicorp/precise32/version/1/provider/virtualbox.box
==> default: Successfully added box 'hashicorp/precise32' (v1.0.0) for 'virtualbox'!
==> default: Importing base box 'hashicorp/precise32'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Checking if box 'hashicorp/precise32' is up to date...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: example_default_1395996714768_3176
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 => 2222 (adapter 1)

==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: The guest additions on this VM do not match the installed version of
    default: VirtualBox! In most cases this is fine, but in rare cases it can
    default: prevent things such as shared folders from working properly. If you see
    default: shared folder errors, please make sure the guest additions within the
    default: virtual machine match the version of VirtualBox you have installed on
    default: your host and reload your VM.
    default: 
    default: Guest Additions Version: 4.2.0
    default: VirtualBox Version: 4.3
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => /home/bert/CfgMgmt/vagrant-example

Done!

You now have a working VM, ready for use:

$ vagrant ssh
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-23-generic-pae i686)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/
Welcome to your Vagrant-built virtual machine.
Last login: Fri Sep 14 06:22:31 2012 from 10.0.2.2
vagrant@precise32:~$ 

Let's build a CentOS LAMP stack!

Configuring Vagrant boxes

Vagrantfile

Minimal Vagrantfile:

VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION = '2'

Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
  config.vm.box = 'hashicorp/precise32'
end

This is Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 32 bit,

we want CentOS 6.5 64 bit

Finding base boxes

• https://vagrantcloud.com/ (since 1.5)
• http://vagrantbox.es/ (pre-1.5 boxes)

Using another base box

From the command line (Vagrant cloud):

$ vagrant init alphainternational/centos-6.5-x64

$ vagrant box add --name centos65 \
  http://packages.vstone.eu/vagrant-boxes/centos-6.x-64bit-latest.box
$ vagrant init centos65

VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION = '2'

Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
  config.vm.box = 'centos65'
  config.vm.box_url =
    'http://packages.vstone.eu/vagrant-boxes/centos-6.x-64bit-latest.box'
end

Applying the change

$ vagrant destroy
    default: Are you sure you want to destroy the 'default' VM? [y/N] y
==> default: Forcing shutdown of VM...
==> default: Destroying VM and associated drives...
$ vagrant up
[...]
$ vagrant ssh

Configuring the VM

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VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION = '2'

HOST_NAME = 'box001'

Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

  config.vm.hostname = HOST_NAME
  config.vm.box = 'alphainternational/centos-6.5-x64'
  config.vm.network :private_network,
    ip: '192.168.56.65',
    netmask: '255.255.255.0'

  config.vm.provider :virtualbox do |vb|
    vb.name = HOST_NAME
  end
end

For more info,

• see the docs at https://docs.vagrantup.com/
• or the default Vagrantfile

Applying changes

When you change the Vagrantfile, do:

$ vagrant reload

Or, if the change is profound:

$ vagrant destroy -f
$ vagrant up

Summary

$ vagrant init user/box   # Create Vagrantfile for specified base box
$ vim Vagrantfile         # Customize your box
$ vagrant up              # Create VM and boot it
$ vagrant reload          # After every change to Vagrantfile
$ vagrant destroy         # Clean up!

Provisioning

Provisioning

= From Just Enough Operating System to fully functional configured box

• Shell script
• Ansible
• Puppet (Apply + Agent)
• Chef (Solo + Client)
• Docker
• Salt

Shell provisioning

Add to your Vagrantfile

config.vm.provision 'shell', path: 'provision.sh'

Put the script into the same folder as Vagrantfile

Recommended workflow

• First do the installation manually (vagrant ssh)
• Make sure every command runs without user interaction!
• Record every command in the script
• If everything works: vagrant destroy -f && vagrant up

Provisioning script

Installs Apache and PHP

#!/bin/bash -eu
# provision.sh -- Install Apache and a test PHP script

sudo rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
yum install -y httpd php

service httpd start
chkconfig httpd on

cat > /var/www/html/index.php << EOF
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
EOF

Synced folders

• Add to your Vagrantfile:

  config.vm.synced_folder 'html', '/var/www/html'

• Create folder html in your project root

  $ tree
  .
  |-- html
  |   `-- index.php
  |-- provision.sh
  `-- Vagrantfile

• Vagrant reload

Disadvantages of shell provisioning

• Not very flexible
  • Script should be non-interactive
• Not scalable
  • Long Bash scripts are horrible!
• Idempotence not guaranteed
  • What happens when you run provision script multiple times?
  • Change to script is expensive: vagrant destroy && vagrant up